睿学教育Wisdome Education

Alan S. Maisel, MD, FACC

• Professor of Medicine
• Director, Coronary Care Unit
• University of California - San Diego
• Division of Cardiology
• San Diego, California

Premarin dosages: 0.625 mg
Premarin packs: 14 pills, 28 pills, 56 pills, 84 pills, 112 pills

Generic premarin 0.625 mg buy

In addition womens health eugene oregon premarin 0.625 mg overnight delivery, efficacy studies frequently exclude patients who have comorbid disease women's health clinic oregon city purchase premarin 0.625 mg online, meaning disease other than the one under study womens health 3 month workout plan 0.625 mg premarin order amex. Efficacy studies may also use dosing regimens and follow-up protocols that are impractical in typical practice settings. These studies often restrict options that are of value in actual practice, such as combination therapies and switching to other drugs. Efficacy studies also often examine the short-term effects of drugs that in practice are used for much longer periods. Finally, efficacy studies tend to assess effects by using objective measures that do not capture all of the benefits and harms of a drug or do not reflect the outcomes that are most important to patients and their families. Systematic reviews highlight studies that reflect actual clinical effectiveness in unselected patients and community practice settings. Effectiveness studies conducted in primary care or office-based settings use less stringent eligibility criteria, more often assess health outcomes, and have longer follow-up periods than most efficacy studies. The results of effectiveness studies are more applicable to the “average” patient than results from the highly selected populations in efficacy studies. Examples of effectiveness outcomes include quality of life, frequency or duration of hospitalizations, social function, and the ability to work. These outcomes are more important to patients, family, and care providers than surrogate or intermediate measures. For example, a study might use very narrow inclusion criteria like an efficacy study, but, like an effectiveness study, might examine flexible dosing regimens, have a long follow-up period, and measure quality of life and functional outcomes. For this report we sought evidence about outcomes that are important to patients and would normally be considered appropriate for an effectiveness study. However, many of the studies that reported these outcomes were short-term and used strict inclusion criteria to select eligible patients. For these reasons, it was neither possible nor desirable to exclude evidence based on these characteristics. Labeling a study as either an efficacy or an effectiveness study, although convenient, is of limited value; it is more useful to consider whether the patient population, interventions, time frame, and outcomes are relevant to one’s practice or to a particular patient. Studies anywhere on the continuum from efficacy to effectiveness can be useful in comparing the clinical value of different drugs. Effectiveness studies are more applicable to practice, but efficacy studies are a useful scientific standard for determining whether characteristics of different drugs are related to their effects on disease. Systematic reviews thoroughly cover the efficacy data in order to ensure that decision makers can assess the scope, quality, and relevance of the available data. This thoroughness is not intended to obscure the fact that efficacy data, no matter how large the quantity, may have limited applicability to practice. Clinicians can judge the relevance of study results to their practice and should note where there are gaps in the available scientific information. Unfortunately, for many drugs there exist few or no effectiveness studies and many efficacy studies. Yet clinicians must decide on treatment for patients who would not have been included in controlled trials and for whom the effectiveness and tolerability of the different drugs are uncertain. Systematic reviews indicate whether or not there exists evidence that drugs differ in their effects in various subgroups of patients, but they do not attempt to set a standard for how results of controlled trials should be applied to patients who would not have been eligible for them. With or without an evidence report, these decisions must be informed by clinical judgment. In the context of development of recommendations for clinical practice, systematic reviews are useful because they define the strengths and limits of the evidence, clarifying whether assertions about the value of an intervention are based on strong evidence from clinical studies. Judgment, reasoning, and applying one’s values under conditions of uncertainty must also play a role in decision making. Users of an evidence report must also keep in mind that not proven does not mean proven not; that is, if the evidence supporting an assertion is insufficient, it does not mean the assertion is untrue. The quality of the evidence on effectiveness is a key component, but not the only component, in making decisions about clinical policy. Additional criteria include acceptability to physicians and patients, potential for unrecognized harm, applicability of the evidence to practice, and consideration of equity and justice.

0.625 mg premarin buy

Abortions are unsafe when per- the loss of pregnancy below 24 weeks of gestation- formed by persons without the proper skills and al age menstrual 8 days late 0.625 mg premarin purchase with visa. Moreover women's health evergreen premarin 0.625 mg buy line, the RCOG recommends the materials or outside a medically safe environment menopause reset buy premarin visa. The term miscar- By definition, miscarriage refers to the loss of a riage acknowledges the emotional aspects of losing pregnancy before the fetus has reached a viable ges- a pregnancy and prevents stigmatization of the tational age. Unfortunately, the cut-off point for a 8,9 pregnant woman and her medical caretaker. As a result of progressive medical knowledge carriage and abortion are presented in Table 2. This of emotional event for the woman and you should course heavily depends on the setting in which consider this while doing your consultation. In neonatal care can be provided and most likely does some cultures, stigmatization of the mother and/or not apply to your local setting. In short, the gesta- partner does occur, but pregnant women and their tional cut-off point for a loss of pregnancy to be partners are in fact not to be blamed. Fortunately, this lack of conformity in Etiology definition does not influence the general approach to diagnosis and treatment. In general, one can state The cause of spontaneous miscarriage is in most that the earlier a miscarriage occurs in pregnancy, cases related to the embryo itself. Table 2 Miscarriage: definitions of subcategories Spontaneous miscarriage Pregnancy loss within the first 24 weeks of gestation without deliberate interference Incomplete miscarriage Pregnancy loss within the first 24 weeks of gestation in which not all products of conception have been expelled at presentation Recurrent or habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions/miscarriages miscarriage Threatened miscarriage Uterine bleeding within the first 24 weeks of gestation without any cervical dilation. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for miscarriage. This condition can be difficult to distinguish from ectopic pregnancy when no ultrasound is present Missed miscarriage Retention in the uterus of a dead embryo or fetus which has died within the first 16 weeks of gestation Induced abortion The intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques Criminal abortion Illegal termination of pregnancy Legal abortion Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local or national laws Therapeutic abortion or Abortion induced to save the life or health of a pregnant woman induced abortion for medical reasons Miscarriage with infection Any type of miscarriage, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the or infected abortion uterus and its appendages. It is characterized by fever, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge 26 Vaginal Bleeding in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Morphological abnormalities are most likely the Spontaneous miscarriage result of random chromosomal abnormalities (50– Signs are cramping, lower abdominal pain accom- 60%). Most commonly identified: Down’s syn- panied by clear, red vaginal bleeding. Sometimes drome, also called trisomy 21, polyploidy (more tissue and blood clots can be seen as well. Tissue is than one pair of chromosomes in the nucleus), 9 usually a dark purple color. To differentiate be- Turner’s syndrome or monosomy X. The fre- tween blood clots and (abortion) tissue you can put quency of spontaneous miscarriage increases with the clots/tissue in a glass container with normal tap maternal age. At the age of 35 years the incidence water and shake: blood clots will resolve, tissue will of spontaneous miscarriage reaches 20% and at the 10 stay intact. Up to 12 weeks the whole amniotic sac age of 40 it reaches 40–50%. Physical examination might maternal conditions can also lead to spontaneous show uterine enlargement. Digital vaginal exami- miscarriage: nation reveals an open ostium of the cervix, with • Diabetes, thyroid disease and infections, malaria, blood on the finger. In general, the bleeding dim- syphilis, gonorrhea, cytomegalovirus (CMV), inishes dramatically after complete evacuation of toxoplasmosis, listeria, HIV, parvo-B19, chlamy- the products of pregnancy. Some clots might be present • Genetic thrombophilias (clotting disorders) such in the fundus (top) of the uterus. Treatment If the amount of blood lost is less than • Acquired or congenital anatomical variations of generally perceived during normal menstruation or the uterus: septa, abnormalities of the uterine is dramatically diminishing, there is no need for cavity, myoma, adhesions of the uterine cavity, specific treatment. This means that a miscarriage has occurred but some products of conception are still present in the uterine cavity. The complaints are similar to those Epidemiology of spontaneous abortion, but in this case the vaginal bleeding has not stopped. Bleeding is usually more Spontaneous miscarriage is something which actu- than perceived during her normal menstrual period. Estimates are that one in On digital vaginal examination the ostium of the every eight pregnancies results in a spontaneous cervix is still open. Two out of ten women suffer from clots, parts of the amniotic sac or tissue in the uter- vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. Tissue appears as clear white In 50% of these cases the pregnancy is viable des- translucencies on the ultrasound, blood clots are pite the fact that bleeding continues.

Diseases

• Craniosynostosis fibular aplasia
• Platyspondylic lethal chondrodysplasia
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis
• Togaviridae disease
• Syndactyly type 3
• Total hypotrichosis, Mari type
• Pseudopapilledema blepharophimosis hand anomalies
• Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia

Buy genuine premarin on-line

No new studies meeting our eligibility criteria were identified during the updated search womens health 10k chicago order generic premarin on-line. No evidence on the comparative effectiveness of targeted immune modulators for the treatment of Crohn’s disease in children exists breast cancer treatment options 0.625 mg premarin purchase. We identified one systematic review of the evidence base 228 for the medical treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease women's health clinic fort belvoir cheap premarin 0.625 mg visa. Due to the short time frame of the literature research the systematic review was rated poor. In addition, no placebo-controlled trials on children with Crohn’s disease met our eligibility criteria. We identified one randomized controlled trial (“A randomized, multicenter, open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of anti-TNFα chimeric monoclonal antibody in pediatric subjects with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease” ortho REACH study) comparing two different 229 dosing regimens of infliximab. We briefly described the REACH study because it is the only study we found that included children. In this study, 112 patients with a Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index score greater than 30 were treated with 5 mg/kg of infliximab at weeks 0, 2, and 6. At week 10, patients who responded to treatment (88. Pediatric patients were more likely to be in clinical response and remission at week 54 when given infliximab every 8 weeks rather than every 12 weeks. Ulcerative Colitis Infliximab is the only drug currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in adults and children. Summary of findings No head-to-head evidence on the comparative effectiveness of targeted immune modulators for the treatment of ulcerative colitis exists (see Table 14). We located one recent, good-quality systematic review and meta-analysis of targeted 190 immune modulators for inducing remission in ulcerative colitis. This review pooled the results of five randomized controlled trials of 5 mg/kg infliximab compared with placebo. Patients were allowed stable doses of corticosteroids in all trials. Study populations and outcome measures One systematic review and meta-analysis pooled the results of five randomized controlled trials 230-233 (from four publications). Trials measured clinical and endoscopic disease remission and quality of life. All patients suffered from active ulcerative colitis and had previously failed or were receiving 5-aminosalicylate and steroid treatments. Sponsorship All of the included trials in the systematic review were funded by the pharmaceutical industry. Targeted immune modulators 74 of 195 Final Update 3 Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project Detailed assessment: Direct evidence on the comparative effectiveness We did not find any head-to-head trials for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Detailed assessment: Indirect evidence on the comparative effectiveness We did not find any studies indirectly comparing the effectiveness of targeted immune modulators for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Detailed assessment: Evidence on the general efficacy Because of the lack of head-to-head trials, we reviewed placebo-controlled trials. We have summarized evidence on the general efficacy of targeted immune modulators in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. This, however, does not provide evidence on the comparative efficacy and tolerability of targeted immune modulators. Infliximab We located one recent, good-quality systematic review and meta-analysis of targeted immune 190 modulators for inducing remission in ulcerative colitis. This review pooled the results of five 230-233 randomized controlled trials of 5 mg to 20 mg/kg infliximab compared with placebo. Patients suffered from active ulcerative colitis, unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy. Patients were allowed concomitant stable doses of corticosteroids in all trials. The duration of the trials varied from 6 to 12 weeks. One 6-week randomized controlled trial of infliximab compared with placebo did not meet our eligibility criteria as the duration of follow- 232 up was too short however provided evidence of quality of life. The authors found no statistical difference in quality of life between the 20 patients treated with placebo and the 23 patients treated with infliximab after 6 weeks of therapy.

Proven 0.625 mg premarin

Side-effects can occur during mations womens health jackson ca purchase premarin australia, inflammatory bowel disease and malig- radiation for pelvic malignancies due to the effects nancy womens health worcester ma order cheapest premarin and premarin. A specific bleeding point if identified menopause duration discount generic premarin canada, can of radiotherapy on the organs close to the areas be coagulated. Patients with rectosigmoid stricture present breast and arm, as well as lung and heart side-effects with progressive bouts of constipation and in later (radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis, dilatative stages with abdominal pain, distention and vomit- cardiomyopathy) can occur with radiation for ing. When conservative measures fail, surgery is breast cancer. The surgical management of these complications requires Managing side-effects of radiotherapy considerable surgical judgment and an experienced The most common side-effect encountered in surgeon should be involved in the assessment and radiotherapy for genital cancers is due to radiation treatment of these problems as operating on irradia- to the rectum and sigmoid colon. Patients present ted bowel is fraught with potential complications. Most patients have mild symp- difficult to diagnose and manage. Patients may toms that can be treated with simple measures. Eating five to six small meals rather hydration and correction of electrolyte imbalance. Foods that are low Nasogastric suction is useful in patients with nausea in fiber, fat and lactose are recommended. Patients and vomiting and dilated small bowel loops. Con- are also advised to avoid oily food, milk and dairy servative management may result in improvement products and foods that cause production of gas like and resolution of partial obstruction in some beans. Good surgical judgment is important Repeated episodes of diarrhea can cause irrita- when surgical intervention is contemplated and the tion to the skin around the anal area. Toilet paper is treating surgeon must be experienced in managing not recommended. Patients with radiation cystitis may present with Warm water-sitting baths are soothing. Medication frequency, dysuria, hematuria and suprapubic pain. Most patients with minor degrees of Rectal bleeding due to radiation proctitis can be hematuria resolve with antibiotics. Persistent hema- treated with hydrocortisone enema 100mg/60ml turia will require cystoscopy to exclude recurrent once to twice daily until the bleeding stops. Severe bleeding 394 Basic Oncology including Treatment in Less-resourced Locations and the passage of clots will require insertion of a close attention to managing fluid balance and large 3-way Foley’s catheter and performing con- electrolyte imbalances is important in this situation. Monitoring the inflow The most frequent side-effects of radiotherapy and outflow of infused fluids and maintaining in breast cancer are skin changes (i. When this occurs, it is important to instruct the Rarely, hematuria does not respond to bladder patient to keep the area of radiation dry at all times. A 1% solution of Alum (50g potassium tion of dexpanthenol ointment. If symptoms are aluminum sulfate in 5 liters of distilled water) to severe, radiation might have to be temporarily run intravesically at 3–5 ml/min and increasing to a stopped until radiodermatitis subsides. Lymph- maximum of 10ml/min if the returning fluid from edema of the breast and arm may cease on its own the bladder is not clear is an option. The irrigation after 6–12 months, otherwise physiotherapy (i. Patients with chest wall irradiation, how- formation. Ureteral reflux and bladder perforation ever, experience a higher rate of these complications. A 4% solution is used and the bladder is CHEMOTHERAPY filled to capacity for 23 min. As the procedure is painful it should be conducted under general Cancer is characterized by unregulated growth. This unregulated growth is caused by the loss of Patients with cervical cancer and parametrial two cell control mechanisms that occur in normal involvement may present with hydronephrosis and cells. Firstly, there is a loss of the normal cell cycle sometimes complete obstruction and anuria due to regulation control and secondly there is failure of blockage of the ureters by parametrial tumor exten- normal programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Purchase premarin australia

The other trial menstrual migraine icd 9 purchase premarin 0.625 mg mastercard, sponsored by the manufacturer of pegylated interferon alfa-2a menstruation young age cheap generic premarin uk, was rated poor quality (flaws include allocating consecutive patients to alternating therapy) women's health clinic foothills hospital calgary order on line premarin, did not restrict to genotype 1, initiated patients on dual therapy, and 72 included treatment-experienced patients (30% of enrolled population). In both trials, end-of- treatment virologic response was defined as >=2. Pegylated interferons for hepatitis C Page 16 of 65 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project In the fair-quality trial, there was no significant difference (p=0. In the poor-quality trial, there was also no difference in 12-week virologic response rates, though the trend was in the opposite direction (83% or 48/58 for pegylated interferon alfa-2a versus 67% or 39/58 for 72 pegylated interferon alfa-2b, p=0. In a subgroup analysis of treatment-naïve patients in this trial, the same trend was observed (90% vs. Biochemical, histological, and clinical outcomes were not reported in either trial. Head-to-head trials of dual therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2a vs. It found no significant difference in rates of virologic response through eight weeks of dual therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2a versus pegylated interferon alfa-2b (66% or 29/44 versus 50% or 22/44). Results of a large (expected enrollment 2,880), head-to-head trial of 48-week dual pegylated interferon regimens in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection (the IDEAL study) are not yet available, but expected 129 later in 2007. This trial is sponsored by the manufacturer of pegylated interferon alfa-2b. Active-controlled trials Dual therapy with pegylated interferon versus dual therapy with non-pegylated interferon Active-controlled trials of dual therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and pegylated interferon alfa-2b against a common comparator could provide indirect evidence on comparative effectiveness. We identified five trials comparing dual therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2a 35, 44, 61, 73 plus ribavirin versus dual therapy with non-pegylated interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin or 48 dual therapy with non-pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin and 11 trials comparing dual therapy with pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin versus dual therapy with non-pegylated 34, 40, 43, 45, 46, 58, 59, 63, 68, 70, 74 73 interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin. One trial was rated good-quality, 35, 46, 68 35 three trials poor-quality, and the remainder fair-quality. Sample sizes ranged from 21 to Pegylated interferons for hepatitis C Page 17 of 65 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project 63 1530 enrollees. Common methodological shortcomings observed in the trials were inadequate description of randomization and allocation concealment methods and open-label design. All trials of pegylated interferon alfa-2a evaluated a dose of 180 μg /kg once weekly. Seven trials of 43, 45, 46, 59, 63, 70, 74 pegylated interferon alfa-2b evaluated a dose of 1. Ribavirin doses varied in both sets of trials, ranging from 600 to 1600 mg daily. In one trial, patients randomized to dual 61 therapy with pegylated interferon and non-pegylated interferon also received amantadine. Two trials did not specify whether patients 35, 68 had previously been exposed to interferon therapy. The other trials evaluated only 46, 47 34 treatment-naïve patients. Three trials focused exclusively or primarily on patients with 40, 70, 74 HCV genotype 4 infection and three trials evaluated only patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. The proportion of patients with HCV genotype 1 ranged from 44% to 78% in the other trials. All trials required patients to have liver biopsy findings consistent with HCV infection and at least mild inflammation or fibrosis for enrollment. Only one trial specifically included 77 43, 44, patients with normal transaminases. Three trials (all evaluating HIV co-infected patients) 68 did not use transaminase elevations as an eligibility criterion. In all other trials, transaminase elevation was required for enrollment. No trial included patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Syndromes

• Legumes such as soybeans, garbanzo beans, and lentils
• You have another reason to suspect that you may have esophageal perforation.
• Trichomoniasis
• Lung cancer
• Stiff neck
• Loss of balance
• Vomiting
• Massive bleeding in the colon
• Lifestyle improvement
• Heredity and disease

Buy cheap premarin 0.625 mg

Interest- 2 agents for which data were available (MTX and etoposide) menopause journal article discount premarin 0.625 mg without prescription. In addition womens health advantage order premarin with amex, multiple SNPs adjusted for ancestry pregnancy headaches order premarin without a prescription, an additional predisposing locus was identified,9 associated with MRD were closely linked to the inherent susceptibil- illustrating the power of including diverse populations in some GWAS. Of the approximately 100 top SNPs giving an extra phase of delayed intensification chemotherapy. Genomic variation that is somatically acquired in the ALL blasts or that is inherited in the germline can affect interindividual variability in response, whereas adverse effects are affected by inherited variations. All phenotypes can be affected by several nongenetic features, so controlling and adjusting for these nongenetic features in GWAS of ALL is critical. Manhattan plot illustrating results of a GWAS with MTX clearance as the phenotype. The y-axis plots the inverse of the log of the association P value for each typed SNP ( 500 000 SNPs interrogated per patient) as it relates to MTX clearance; the x-axis sorts SNPs based on chromosomal position. The peak of P values corresponds to SNPs that localize to SLCO1B1, indicating that variation in this gene identified genetic variation associated with interpatient variability in MTX clearance among 1279 children with ALL. The strongest association was for features that have been repeatedly associated with low clearance, the C-allele at rs7142143 (in the PYGL gene) and a 3. We found that 14 The GWAS showed that MTX clearance was associated with SNPs of the 134 SNPs associated with relapse, including variants in in SLCO1B1 at a genome-wide level of significance (P 2. Therefore, we replicated findings using different schedules medication pharmacokinetics, thereby suggesting a mechanism by of high-dose MTX from the St. The which some germline SNPs may affect response to therapy in ALL. SLCO1B1 SNP rs4149056 has now been replicated for 5 different treatment regimens of MTX. Variants associated with MTX efficacy and pharmacokinetics We further evaluated the influence of rare versus common variants MTXPG accumulation differs among leukemic subtypes, with on MTX clearance in analyses that included all clinical covariates higher accumulation often corresponding to better subtype re- on clearance. After sequencing SLCO1B1 in 699 children, we identified 93 SNPs and, of these, 15 were nonsynonymous (NS). We applied a genome-wide approach to identify genomic determinants of MTXPG accumulation in primary ALL blasts and Three of these 15 NS SNPs were common, with an allele fre- normal lymphoid cell lines using gene expression, somatic copy quency 5%, one had a low minor allele frequency (MAF; number variation, and inherited SNP genotypes. We found that, regardless of 3 types of genomic variation in 7 genes (FHOD3, IMPA2, ME2, their MAF, NS SNPs that were predicted to be functionally RASSF4, SLC39A6, SMAD2, and SMAD4) were associated with damaging by computational algorithms were more frequent among MTXPG in blasts. To begin to assess the relative importance of the patients in the lowest decile for MTX clearance than among those 3 types of variation, we found that expression of the top 7 genes in with the highest clearance. By expressing variants in mammalian primary ALL cells accounted for more variation in MTXPGs than cell lines, we verified that 4 SLCO1B1 haplotypes that were did expression of the top 7 genes in normal lymphoid cell lines and associated with reduced MTX clearance in patients indeed had that the top 7 inherited SNP variants in children with ALL patients reduced MTX transport capacity in vitro. Quantitatively, after accounted for approximately the same degree of variation in adjusting for other genetic and nongenetic covariates, SLCO1B1 MTXPGs as did the top 7 SNP genotypes in HapMap cell lines. Rare variants had larger acquired genetic variation in the ALL cells themselves had a effect sizes than common NS variants, as is true for some nonpharmacogenetic traits. MTX effectiveness is also influenced by interindividual variation in its plasma clearance, which then results in heterogeneous systemic Variants associated with asparaginase efficacy and exposure. In a GWAS of children with ALL who received high-dose allergy MTX in St. Jude frontline trials, multiple common polymorphisms Asparaginase is an important drug for ALL, and overall response in SLCO1B1 were associated with MTX clearance. After adjusting for all (IC50) after exposure to native E coli asparaginase. At a threshold of relevant clinical covariates, we found that polymorphisms of ACP1 P. We then combined the germline SNP data with involved in the regulation of lipid levels. The ACP1 SNPs that were genes for which expression was associated with IC50 at the P. Testing for pathways overrepresented by the 94 lower albumin and higher cholesterol. The features of older age ( top-ranked genes (329 SNPs), we found that the top ranked pathway 10 years of age), lower albumin, higher lipid levels, and dexametha- was that of aspartate metabolism, which may be linked directly to sone exposure were associated with osteonecrosis and may be the mechanism of action of asparaginase. The 2 most highly ranked linked by common inherited genomic variation, suggesting a genes (ADSL and DARS) in this pathway encompassed 7 SNPs.

Buy premarin us

A retrospective and naturalistic review comparing outcomes of patients treated with olanzapine or risperidone menstruation xx premarin 0.625 mg. Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology menopause urine changes cheap 0.625 mg premarin fast delivery. Efficacy of accelerated dose titration of olanzapine with adjunctive lorazepam to treat acute agitation in schizophrenia womens health tacoma premarin 0.625 mg with mastercard. Measurement-based psychiatry: definitions of response, remission, stability, and relapse in schizophrenia. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. Bondolfi G, Baumann P, Patris M, May J, Billeter U, Dufour H. A Randomized Double- bind Trial of Risperidone Versus Clozapine for Treatment-resistant Chronic Schizophrenia. Paper presented at: 8th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress, 1995; Venice, Italy. Should we consider mood disturbance in schizophrenia as an important determinant of quality of life? A comparative efficacy and safety study of long-acting risperidone injection and risperidone oral tablets among hospitalized patients: 12-week randomized, single-blind study. FDA Statistical Review of Iloperidone: New Drug Application. Efficacy of iloperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: initial phase 3 studies. Weiden PJ, Cutler AJ, Polymeropoulos MH, Wolfgang CD. Safety profile of iloperidone: a pooled analysis of 6-week acute-phase pivotal trials. Kane JM, Lauriello J, Laska E, Di Marino M, Wolfgang CD. Long-term efficacy and safety of iloperidone: results from 3 clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs Page 174 of 230 Final Report Update 3 Drug Effectiveness Review Project 268. Williams R, Kopala L, Malla A, Smith G, Love L, Balshaw R. Medication decisions and clinical outcomes in the Canadian National Outcomes Measurement Study in Schizophrenia. Refill patterns of atypical and conventional antipsychotic medications at a national retail pharmacy chain. Poor antipsychotic adherence among patients with schizophrenia: medication and patient factors. Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, Belger MA, van Os J, Group SS. Effects of antipsychotic treatment on tardive dyskinesia: a 6-month evaluation of patients from the European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) Study. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications in reducing violent behavior among persons with schizophrenia in community-based treatment. Weight gain in newly diagnosed first- episode psychosis patients and healthy comparisons: One-year analysis. Role of Ethnicity in Predicting Antipsychotic Medication Adherence. A retrospective study on the long-term efficacy of clozapine in 96 schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients during a 13-year period. Subjective response to clozapine and risperidone treatment in outpatients with schizophrenia.

Order generic premarin online

Both trials included a variety of types of chronic kidney disease with some overlap between trials; types of chronic kidney disease of participants included diabetic nephropathy womens health worcester ma buy premarin 0.625 mg cheap, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis women's health clinic saskatoon cheap premarin 0.625 mg mastercard, IgA nephropathy womens health practice champaign il premarin 0.625 mg order fast delivery, minimal change 85 disease, amyloidosis, and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in 1, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and minimal mesangial proliferation in the 95 other. Both studies required participants to have proteinuria; baseline proteinuria among 95 85 participants varied from 1. One trial delineated 85 participants by creatinine, requiring creatinine less than 2. The other study delineated participants by glomerular filtration rate, requiring a range from 30-59 2 95 ml/min/1. Both trials used valsartan 160 mg daily as their treatment dose, 95 85 but ramipril doses ranged from 5 mg daily to 10 mg daily. Neither of these 2 trials reported mortality, end stage renal disease, or quality of life outcomes. Both trials reported changes in proteinuria among participants receiving these 2 treatments. One group examined both mean protein to creatinine ratio and mean proteinuria on 85 24 hour urine collection after treatment. They found no statistically significant difference in either of these measures between valsartan and ramipril. This trial additionally reported no significant differences in blood pressures between treatment groups. The other study examined 95 changes in proteinuria by examining pre and post treatment proteinuria values. In their analysis they noted a more significant decline in proteinuria with ramipril (–53% change) compared with valsartan (–38%) (P=0. Within that study, however, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were also significantly lower in the ramipril group as compared with the valsartan group (P=0. Esnault and colleagues found no significant differences in serum creatinine levels after treatment with either valsartan or ramipril. Yilmaz and colleagues DRIs, AIIRAs, and ACE-Is Page 56 of 144 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project similarly found no significant difference in pre and post treatment glomerular filtration rate among those treated with valsartan compared with ramipril. One trial did report a subgroup analysis examining antiproteinuric outcomes among diabetics compared with non-diabetics. Diabetics were found to have a statistically greater degree of proteinuria at baseline compared with non-diabetics (P=0. No significant difference in reduction in protein to creatinine ratio was found comparing any treatment groups within this diabetic subgroup. One study reported 14 withdrawals, all of which were 95 related to adverse events; the remaining study reported 2 withdrawals, 1 of which was related 85 to an adverse event. One trial looked specifically for hypotension, and they note that there was no difference in the number of occurrences of hypotensive events within each treatment arm (specific numbers of events and statistical analysis 85 are not reported). That group additionally reported 1 event of laryngeal edema with ACE-I. The remaining trial noted 8 adverse events in the ramipril group and 6 adverse events in the valsartan 95 group, but specific types of adverse events were not delineated by group. Telmisartan Telmisartan compared with enalapril 87 One multi-center trial from France compared telmisartan to enalapril (N=71). This double- dummy, parallel group, active control trial received a quality rating of fair and followed participants for 12 weeks. Participants were required to have a creatinine clearance of between 30-80 ml/min (average at baseline was 50 ml/min), but types of chronic kidney disease among participants were not reported. Baseline proteinuria among participants ranged from 1. Starting doses of telmisartan 40 mg daily and enalapril 10 mg daily were utilized, with dose increase to telmisartan 80 mg daily and enalapril 20 mg daily if diastolic blood pressure remained between 90-110 mmHg. If diastolic blood pressure remained elevated on maximum dose of study medication, then furosemide could be added as a once daily dose of 40 mg. Eligible efficacy/effectiveness outcomes from this study included changes in creatinine clearance and proteinuria. Mean change in proteinuria between those treated with telmisartan (– 26. Median percent decline in creatinine clearance also showed no statistically significant difference between groups. Blood pressure control was statistically similar between groups.

Generic premarin 0.625 mg amex

HIV-specific antibodies can be detected after four weeks in 60–65% womens health daily purchase premarin australia, after six weeks in 80% breast cancer pumpkins buy premarin 0.625 mg fast delivery, after eight weeks in 90% and after twelve weeks in 95% of cases menstrual like cramps at 36 weeks order premarin 0.625 mg online. A “seronegative” chronic HIV infection is an absolute rarity and irrelevant in practice (Spivak 2010). The p24 antigen is detectable HIV Testing 19 about five days before seroconversion (the first occurrence of specific antibodies). Therefore, 4th generation diagnostic tests can shorten the diagnostic gap by simul- taneous detection of p24 antigen. The earliest lab marker is HIV RNA that is detectable approximately seven days before the p24 antigen (Fiebig 2003). In many cases HIV RNA can be detected by the second week after transmission. However, a negative result at this time point cannot exclude an infection. A negative result in the HIV screening test precludes the existence of HIV antibod- ies and p24 antigen at the time of testing. The security of this result, however, depends particularly on the time interval from the possible transmission event. HIV testing immediately after a possible transmission is not meaningful. As no HIV antibodies are yet formed, an HIV test should be carried out at the earliest in the 3rd week after exposure. Exception: If it needs to be documented for legal reasons (e. According to new testing guidelines (Gökengin 2014, DVV/GfV 2015) an HIV infection cannot be ruled out until 6 weeks after possible transmission with sufficient certainty when a 4th generation screening test was used. In case of a 3rd generation assay or a rapid screening test the diagnostic window amounts to 12 weeks. Even when using 4th generation tests in some circumstances a follow- up at 12 weeks after exposure is recommended, e. A further test beyond the diagnostic window is appropriate only in excep- tional cases, for example, if there is suspicion of acute retroviral syndrome or if post-exposure prophylaxis was given. A negative test result is dependable only in the case of no re-exposure within the past 6 or 12 weeks, respectively (from the time of the original exposure). HIV diagnostics in newborns In newborns of HIV+ mothers maternal antibodies may remain detectable until the age of 18 months. The antibodies are transplacentally transferred from the 32nd week of gestation although they do not have any protective effect. A positive HIV test result in the newborn indicates previous HIV exposure. However, a serological HIV test for the detection or exclusion of vertical transmission of HIV is not sufficient as a positive result will be expected in any case (Read 2007). At least two negative PCR results are required to exclude HIV transmission. The first HIV PCR should be performed after the first month of life (sensitivity 96%, speci- ficity 99%), then again because of the nearly 100% sensitivity and specificity after the third month. Vertical transmission can be ruled out, however, only if there was no renewed risk of transmission in the meantime through breastfeeding. Even with negative PCR results, the disappearance of maternal antibodies should be documented at least once. In the case of positive results, these must be confirmed by examination of a second sample. HIV diagnostics after occupational exposure After a needlestick injury or other occupational exposure, HBV, HCV and HIV infec- tion of the index patient should be excluded (of course, consent of the index patient is required). With regard to the potential necessary rapid start of post-exposure pro- phylaxis (PEP) a needle stick injury should always be considered an emergency. The earlier PEP is initiated (preferably within 24 hours), the better the chances of success. To save time, PEP can be initiated immediately and terminated at any time in the case of a negative result. If the index patient has no symptoms consistent with acute retroviral syndrome the negative result of the screening test excludes HIV infection with a high level of secu- rity. An HIV PCR test should be considered only if there is evidence of acute HIV infection of the index patient.

Buy cheap premarin 0.625 mg line

Bolen and colleagues concluded that there were no between-group differences between thiazolidinediones and metformin (7 randomized controlled trials) or second generation sulfonylureas (13 randomized controlled trials) menopause 9gag purchase premarin 0.625 mg with amex. Thiazolidinedione plus metformin compared with a second-generation sulfonylurea plus metformin (2 randomized controlled trials) did not show a consistent effect favoring 1 of the combinations menstruation 9 days after ovulation purchase premarin 0.625 mg free shipping, nor did 2 randomized controlled trials comparing thiazolidinediones compared with repaglinide pregnancy leg cramps discount premarin online. One trial comparing pioglitazone to acarbose favored pioglitazone for A1c reduction. Pioglitazone compared with an active control We identified 11 active-controlled trials involving pioglitazone for the updated report (Tables 9 111, 133-142 135, 136 and 10), including 2 poor-quality studies. Six monotherapy trials compared 134-136, 138, 140, 142 142 pioglitazone to a sulfonylurea or to metformin. Trials examining combination therapy compared pioglitazone to a sulfonylurea with both groups receiving various oral 111, 133, 137 141 hypoglycemic agents or insulin or metformin. Pioglitazone was compared to 139 metformin with both groups receiving gliclazide in 1 trial. Drug dosing across studies was fairly consistent, with most study populations 50-60 years of age. Studies ranged between 3 and 137, 138, 142 18 months, with only 3 fair-to-good quality trials with follow-up greater than 6 months. Effects on A1c were similar between treatment groups, with no significant difference 140 noted between groups in 9 of the eleven trials. In a small (N=92), monotherapy study in Japan, A1c decreased more with glibenclamide (change in A1c -1. In an 18-month trial of glibenclamide compared with pioglitazone in newly-diagnosed diabetic subjects taking a variety 137 of concurrent hypoglycemic agents including insulin, A1c improved in both groups to a similar degree to week 32, then the improvement was maintained with pioglitazone but not with glimepiride. At the final follow-up (week 72), the between-group difference (in favor of pioglitazone) was 0. Thiazolidinediones Page 40 of 193 Final Report Update 1 Drug Effectiveness Review Project Rosiglitazone compared with an active control We identified 10 active-control trials involving rosiglitazone for the updated report (Tables 11 57, 143-151 149 and 12), including 1 poor-quality study. There were 3 monotherapy trials comparing 57 57, 147, 149 rosiglitazone to metformin or rosiglitazone to a sulfonylurea. The combined therapy 143-145 trials compared rosiglitazone to a sulfonylurea with both groups receiving metformin or 151 compared rosiglitazone to metformin with both groups receiving sulfonylureas or various 148 150 hypoglycemic agents. Raskin and colleagues compared rosiglitazone to repaglinide and to 146 the combination of the 2 drugs. Goldstein and colleagues compared rosiglitazone plus metformin to metformin alone. Across active-control studies, rosiglitazone dosing was either 4 or 8 mg daily. Follow-up 149 57 intervals ranged from 12 weeks to 4 years, with 4 trials having follow-up of 1 year or 57, 144, 147, 148 more. Mean age of study subjects was mid 50s, with 2 studies enrolling older 143 151 subjects, with mean ages 60 and 65 years. Among the monotherapy trials, the Diabetes Outcomes Progression Trial (ADOPT) was 57 recently published. ADOPT was a large (N=4360), multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate monotherapy with rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide among subjects recently diagnosed (within 3 years) with type 2 diabetes and who had failed lifestyle therapy but had not started on oral hypoglycemic agents. The primary outcome was monotherapy failure defined as fasting plasma glucose level of >180 mg/dl. Subjects with significant comorbidities were excluded, including congestive heart failure of any New York Heart Association class. Maximal drug dosages were rosiglitazone 4 mg twice a day, metformin 1000 mg twice a day, and glyburide 7. Randomized subjects numbered 4360, of which 95% were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Median duration of treatment with rosiglitazone was 4 years. Mean age was 57 years (standard deviation 10) and 57. The cumulative incidence of monotherapy failure at 5 years was 15% with rosiglitazone, 21% with metformin, and 34% with glyburide (P<0.

Armon, 57 years: The human genome and the noncoding, nonconserved unique DNA sequences in the human The haploid human genome contains 3 billion bp of DNA, genome. Abstract 54, 6th Eur HIV Drug Resistance Workshop 2008, Budapest, Hungary. Most data from head-to-head trials were in patients with multiple sclerosis or acute neck and low back pain and were reviewed in the section on general efficacy and safety. One poor-quality trial of amitriptyline was 73 excluded from our analysis.

Achmed, 22 years: All of the open label extension studies assessed exenatide 10 mcg twice daily. The deficiency results in a significantly longer half-life of proton pump inhibitors, although clinically significant accumulation of these drugs has not been shown. In the absence of smoking, the increase of many cancers is not elevated and does not seem to be associated with immune deficiency (Helleberg 2014). Gain in school duration: NR days for patients on abatacept ADALIMUMAB Active juvenile idiopathic Significantly fewer arthritis; had failed at patients on Lovell et al.

Lares, 32 years: Bolen and colleagues concluded that there were no between-group differences between thiazolidinediones and metformin (7 randomized controlled trials) or second generation sulfonylureas (13 randomized controlled trials). This is particularly prone to occur in Ethiopian Left to her own devices the patient will come to society where many of the patients are child brides theater dehydrated, as she will be trying to reduce in remote areas. AZT resistance was verified in approximately 17% of women who received AZT monoprophylaxis between 1991 and 1997 (Palumbo 2001). DRIs, AIIRAs, and ACE-Is Page 111 of 144 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project 86.

Grok, 50 years: Red blood cell and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th Ed. Direct evidence of lower viral replication rates in vivo in human immunodefi- ciency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection than in HIV-1 infection. Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICSs) compared with Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRAs) We conducted meta-analyses for six outcomes that were reported with sufficient data in multiple trials (Appendix I). For many drug classes, including the antipsychotics, unstable or severely impaired patients are often excluded from trials.

Brontobb, 40 years: Randomized controlled trials of beta blockers for bleeding esophageal varices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Some definitions may vary slightly from other published definitions. AllptsreceivedO nd4m g po 4,5 D iarrheaandheadaches:2% vs2%,N S during phaseB. Improving outcomes in tumour necrosis factor a treatment: comparison of the efficacy of the tumour necrosis factor a blocking agents etanercept and infliximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.

Bozep, 34 years: Medgenmed [Computer File]: Medscape General Medicine 2006;8(1):23. C h aracteristics ofactive controltrials ofnewerinsom niadrugs A uth or,year InclusionCriteria ExclusionCriteria Demograph ics Screened W ith drawn Study Interventions (Q uality) Eligible L ostto followup Duration Enrolled A nalyzed Q uadens, Th e subjectsacceptedforth e study (1)weigh tunder45 kgorover75 kg;(2) M eanage (SD):N R N R/ 0/ 13 days Z opiclone; 1983 (Poor) were aged50-59 yearsandcomplained ch ronicuse ofdrugsoralcoh ol;(3) (); ofinsomniaforatleast2 month. Less than 1 year of exposure, more than 12 months prior to the index date, and 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, or >5 years of proton pump inhibitor use were not statistically significantly associated with colorectal cancer. Gene expression methyltransferase, is required for MLL-AF9-mediated leuke- profiling-based dissection of MLL translocated and MLL mogenesis.

Kelvin, 33 years: Three trials of oral estradiol valerate did not meet criteria for the meta-analysis because 57-59 they did not provide data on frequency of hot flashes. A typical yet mostly wrong diagnosis is that of a high- or low-grade T cell lym- phoma in an AIDS patient. Williams RJ, Goodale LA, Shay-Fiddler MA, Gloster SP, Chang SY. HIV, tuberculosis, woman have a regular menstrual cycle (21–35 cancer, end-stage renal disease etc.

Goran, 25 years: This study received a poor quality rating because of a high rate of post- randomization exclusions (9%) and the lack of an ITT analysis. She should be given a card describing her treatment and giving the operation date to aid later identification Cesarean section for all future pregnancies and to advise cesarean section should she present Family planning issues should be discussed where pregnant to another hospital. In the trial conducted by Tfelt-Hansen and colleagues, patients in the rizatriptan 10 mg group were significantly younger than patients in the conventional tablet form of sumatriptan 100 mg group (37 years compared with 39 years; P<0. All found the active treatment group superior to placebo for Antihistamines Page 22 of 72 Final Report Update 2 Drug Effectiveness Review Project reducing symptoms.

Marius, 62 years: A double-blind comparison of ondansetron, 2 ephedrine and placebo. D iokno Yes Yes(using last U nclear Attritiony es Slightly m orelossinO x y group, 2003 observationcarried AdherenceN R including onedeath. The median percentage of days of exposure to study medications was 95. The team will decide when to stop these The following issues can be included in the interviews, especially when it is clear no new infor- questionnaire.

Dimitar, 61 years: Human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer prevention against HPV infection has major implications for in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Lifelong prophylaxis in a an intermediate-dose to a high-dose regimen. Excluded Studies Code Bailey CJ, Bagdonas A, Rubes J, et al. However, the associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Seruk, 28 years: First, pathogens may be grown in vitro with antibodies. R esults ofplacebo-controlled trials ofnewerinsom niadrugs A uth or,year O utcom e M easure R esults P-value=N S vs placebo Sleepquallity atweek 1 R amelteon8mg:3. Rilpivirine is also effective against single NNRTI RAMs such as K103N, V106A, G190S/A; in vitro the following mutations were selected: V90I, L100I, K101E, V106A/I, V108I, E138G/K/Q/R, V179F/I, Y181C/I, V189I, G190E, H221Y, F227C and M230I/L (Azijn 2009). Prospective data show that the risk cell death and reducing platelet production.

Altus, 41 years: Molecular remission refractory mantle-cell lymphoma: a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Comparative effects of available thiazolidinediones: A review of 5 the literature. The latter branch The pelvic fascia is the term given to the connective tissue that lines the gains access to the rectus sheath, which it supplies, and eventually pelvis covering levator ani and obturator internus. An episode of fever during neutropenia that does not somewhat in their assessment of the quality of the evidence.

Ashton, 21 years: Gulati SC, Van Poznak C: Pregnancy after bone marrow transplantation. Compared with patients engraftment with the use of PBSCs, a joint European Group for younger than 20 years, mortality risks were higher in patients older Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)/Center for Interna- than 40 years and those 20 to 40 years of age. In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine portions of the small bowel; NOACs should therefore not be clearance 30-50 mL/min) taking potent p-glycoprotein inhibitors prescribed to such patients until data or algorithms for adjusting (eg, ketoconazole or dronedarone), it is recommended that consider- dose become available. The earliest studies that tested AZT monotherapy were able to show a significant survival benefit – in very immunocompromised patients (Fischl 1987).

Karmok, 38 years: Overall, 242 patients who were on stable doses of methotrexate treatment were enrolled. Efficacy of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone compared to other anti-diabetic agents: systematic review and budget impact analysis (Structured abstract). CCR5 antagonists bind to the CCR5 corecep- tor and thereby impede interaction with the viral surface protein gp120 necessary for entry into the target cell. The subarachnoid space contains the cerebrospinal between the arachnoid and pia and serves to protect the brain and spinal fluid.

Surus, 51 years: Comparative clinical trial of granisetron and ondansetron in the prophylaxis of cisplatin-induced emesis. After initial stimulation and production of IgM, the next phase of B cell competition occurs during affinity maturation and the shift to IgG production. However they are not circle 25-mm needle ready-mounted but this is ex- able to perform any abdominal operations. Internal validity: The extent to which the design and conduct of a study are likely to have prevented bias.

Cole, 23 years: Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Page 234 of 237 Final Report Update 2 Drug Effectiveness Review Project This is usually the case if details of electronic database searches and other identification strategies are given. Evaluation of health-related quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with celecoxib. It remains unclear whether additional environmental and genetic factors are involved or if the international variability is simply a consequence of the variable infection prevalence. If patients have a significant intravascular space during surgery.

Derek, 65 years: Differential effect of beta-blocker 2 Exclude Excluded References Code therapy on insulin resistance as a function of insulin sensitizer use: results from GEMINI. High-dose undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospec- therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation tive evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic 392 American Society of Hematology profile with therapeutic drug monitoring. Analysis of secondary outcomes indicated that statistically significant differences in proportions with progression (defined as an increase on Expanded Disability Status Scale of ≥ 1 if baseline ≥ 5, and 1. SHORT Assessment of a relative therapeutic index between inhaled formoterol and salbutamol in asthma patients.

Kor-Shach, 29 years: During chemotherapy, at least twice weekly monitoring of the patient’s condition, blood count, liver and kidney parameters is necessary. Y ear:2004 A DV ER SEEV EN T S: PEG 3350 psyllium O veralladverseeffectsreported: • diarrhea 0% 1. The authors then estimated the incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy at 1. Clearly, either species differences exist in the Inherited/congenital TTP is the least common form of the disease VWF/ADAMTS13 axes of humans and mice or there are additional and arises due to mutations (generally compound heterozygous mechanisms in mice that protect them from the more severe Hematology 2013 295 phenotype associated with ADAMTS13 deficiency in humans.

References

• Iqbal, C. W., Pham, T. H., Joseph, A., et al. Long-term outcome of 254 complex incisional hernia repairs using the modified rives-Stoppa technique. World J Surg. 2007; 31:2398-2404.
• Peng PW, Tumber PS, Gourlay D. Review article: perioperative pain management of patients on methadone therapy. Can J Anaesth 2005;52(5): 513-23.
• Petersen RC, Doody R, Kurz A, et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2001;58:1985-92.
• Jordan BJ, Matulewicz RS, Trihn B, et al: Venous thromboembolism after nephrectomy: incidence, timing and associated risk factors from a national multi-institutional database, World J Urol 35(11):1713-1719, 2017.
• Slater EE, Desanctis RW. The clinical recognition of dissecting aortic aneurysm. Am J Med. 1976;60:625.
• Whiting PF, Smidt N, Sterne JA, et al. Systematic review: accuracy of anti- citrullinated peptide antibodies for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152(7):456-W166.
• Bae ON. Targeting von Willebrand Factor as a novel anti-platelet therapy; application of ARC1779, an anti-vWF aptamer, against thrombotic risk. Arch Pharm Res 2012;35:1693-9.