睿学教育Wisdome Education

Marc A. Rozner, PhD, MD

• Professor of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
• Professor of Cardiology
• University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
• Adjunct Assistant Professor of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology
• University of Texas Houston Health Science Center
• Houston, Texas

Estradiol dosages: 2 mg, 1 mg
Estradiol packs: 30 pills, 60 pills, 90 pills, 120 pills, 180 pills, 270 pills, 360 pills

Cheap 1 mg estradiol visa

The tissue inflam- an antigen evades the macrophages and reaches the mation (severe inflammation is an undesirable ad- antigen-sensitive cells women's health clinic palmerston north order estradiol overnight delivery, then the host either will verse response) increases the number of antibody- manifest a poor immune response or will be tolerant producing cells in the affected tissues women's health law generic estradiol 1 mg visa. Some adjuvants cause increased Macrophage-like cells (called dendritic cells) are phagocytosis activity; in particular women's health issues australia cheap estradiol 1 mg buy, Freund’s adju- characterized by long, filamentous cytoplasmic proc- vant can activate the alternative complement path- esses and are distributed throughout the spleen and way, leading to undesirable results. Paramunity inducers, especially those consisting of Antigens are the trigger for stimulating the specific inactivated components from various poxviridae, can defense response. Several epitopes may exist in each anti- virus infections and virus-induced tumor cells. With such a defined antigenic site, the main to play a distinct role in “genetic” resistance to virus- portion of foreign macromolecule is nonantigenic, induced neoplasms. The type of reaction is mainly controlled by immune re- Antibiotics, especially some tetracycline prepara- sponse genes, which code for regulatory proteins lo- tions, inhibit the immune system to varying degrees. An indirect effect is a transient increase in the serum Epitopes may also stimulate a varying response de- corticosterone level, which depresses macrophage ac- pending on the manner in which the antigen is pre- tivity. Be- induce antibody production, cell-mediated reactions, cause of their potential side effects, antibiotics tolerance or immunosuppression. The immune re- should be used only when absolutely necessary, par- sponse that follows natural infection is thus a mix- ticularly when treating secondary bacterial infec- ture of responses (ie, polyclonal). Antibiotics specifically defined and occupy rather small areas on should not be used prophylactically, but only when an antigen, an antibody produced against one anti- specifically indicated. This cross-reaction between totally different antigens can create diagnostic prob- lems in some serologic tests. It has been experimen- tally suggested that approximately ten million epi- topes exist that can stimulate an immune response. Specific Defense In addition to macromolecules, small molecules (called haptens) that are linked to a carrier may also provoke an immune response. Haptens of particular Nonspecific defense mechanisms function to destroy interest to the clinician are small, metabolized mole- foreign material the moment it touches or enters the cules of drugs, which may bind to serum (or other) host. These molecules are recognized as foreign defending the host against ubiquitous microorgan- and often induce hypersensitivity responses. The specific defense cal examples of hapten-induced reactions in mam- mechanism relies mainly on antigen-sensitive cells, mals are reactions to penicillins and cephalosporins. B- and T-lymphocytes, to recognize each antigenic Hypersensitivity responses appear to be less common epitope (antigenic determinant) and to produce or- in birds but have been linked to some antimicrobial ganism-specific antibodies (humoral immune sys- sulfonamides. Responses to hapten-carrier molecules tem), or to provoke cell-mediated reactions (cellular indicate that production of antibodies to epitopes of immune system). Depending on whether the host has the haptens is possibly independent of the carrier been exposed to the particular antigen before or if it molecule itself. Nevertheless, cell-mediated response is an initial encounter, specific defense responses to may be initiated against the hapten-carrier as such, and is therefore called “carrier-specific. Humoral System Immunoglobulins The primary function of the humoral immune system is the production of antibodies directed mainly against extracellular phases of antigens. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, with the major part of the molecule containing ligands for membrane receptors, complement activation and isotype-specific (an- tigenically unique) structures. Immunoglobins can be differentiated into isotypes (IgM, IgG, IgA and, in mammals, also IgD and IgE). In some cases, improper hatching will prevent the egg-yolk from being absorbed and it must be surgically re- biochemical differences between mammalian and moved. Avian immunoglobulins ag- considered to be immunologically naive and are more susceptible gregate in a 8% NaCl solution. It can ment is fixed by immune complexes, it is not affected agglutinate particulate antigens and neutralize vi- by complement from the guinea pig. Its major task is to prevent antigens from the routine complement fixation test cannot be car- adhering to the mucosal surfaces of the body. Antibody Production IgG: (synonym IgY because of its structural and Although antibody production is the main feature of weight difference from mammalian IgG) is the most the humoral defense system, the concentrations of common antibody in the serum, and due to its small IgM and IgG in the serum are generally not indica- size (7 S), it can penetrate into tissue spaces and tors of immunity. IgG can opsonize, agglutinate titers against a certain infection are better protected and precipitate antigen. However, there are many IgM: is the major isotype produced following the in- exceptions to this generality, particularly with re- itial contact with an antigen. In S), IgM is normally confined to the peripheral blood- many instances, an effective response requires the stream and is more active than IgG in opsonization, interaction of antibodies and components of the cell- agglutination, virus neutralization and complement mediated immune system. In the and when coupled with a secretory component, is case of phagocytosis, the immunoglobulins can be excreted onto the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, recycled by virtue of the noncovalent complex bonds.

Generic 1 mg estradiol free shipping

While there is greater develop hyponatremia as a result of relative water quantitative intracellular loss of cations such as potas- excess tend to appear clinically euvolemic menstrual cycle 7 days order generic estradiol from india. This is sium and sodium in this process menopause the musical songs buy generic estradiol line, there is a much higher because the excess water is distributed into all body percentage of osmolyte loss womens health 2014 covers cheap 1 mg estradiol visa. It appears that the severity compartments, of which the intravascular space repre- of the hyponatremia is directly related to the degree of sents the smallest portion. Because the cellular adaptation to changes in extracellular osmolality takes hours to days, severe neurological symptoms can result from cellular 1. Because of the brain’s limited longed period of time, minimal symptoms are present. The result equals the total millimoles of centration acutely falls below 125 mmol L−1, individuals sodium that must be provided to the individual to raise begin to complain of nausea, vomiting, fever, labored their plasma sodium concentration to the desired value. Once the concentration is The sodium deficit can be provided either as oral sodium between 115 and 120mmol L−1, individuals tend to salt supplementation or as an intravenous solution. Once the concentration falls below 110– rapidly reverse the clinical sequelae of cerebral edema. Hypertonic saline should be given judiciously until the Signs of severe cerebral edema include seizures, coma, individual becomes asymptomatic. Hyponatremia will typically not be corrected the plasma sodium concentration within 48hours. Other means with which increased free-water sodium balance is difficult to establish, it is prudent to excretion can be achieved include water restriction, assume that the hyponatremia is chronic vs acute when use of vasopressin receptor antagonists, and provision formulating management decisions. It is in this context of chronically low the plasma sodium concentration, brain cell volume brain osmolyte concentration from chronic cerebral regulatory mechanisms have not yet been activated, so adaptation that the risk for the osmotic demyelinating cerebral swelling will occur due to water movement syndrome is greatest if the sodium imbalance is cor- into the cells. Those individuals suffering from of neurological sequelae if the sodium imbalance is alcoholism, malnutrition, and burns seem to be most not rapidly corrected. Calculation of the total body sodium deficit altered mental status, altered motor function, flaccid is done as follows: quadriplegia, cranial nerve abnormalities, and loss of consciousness. These clinical findings are associ- ated with demyelinating lesions found in the pons, basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule [33]. Whether the degree of hyponatremia or the rate of The plasma sodium is expressed in millimoles per correction of hyponatremia is the true causative liter, and weight is expressed in kilograms (kg). Chapter 1 Disorders of Salt and Water Balance 13 No rats died with a correction of sodium of 1mmol renal concentrating ability such as infants will have L−1 h−1. Virtually all other similar experimental ani- increased renal water losses in the presence of high mal models demonstrate an increased incidence solute loads. The hypernatremia in all of these clinical of neuropathological sequelae and mortality if scenarios will persist if the excess water losses are not hyponatremia is corrected faster than 0. A precise rate of sodium correc- tion has been difficult to unequivocally establish [1, 1. As a result, a cautious approach com- Total body sodium increases with the inadvertent inges- monly used involves increasing the plasma sodium tion or iatrogenic administration of a salt load. The cornerstone to management of hyponatremia The latter has been reported in hospital settings when should ideally focus on correction of the underlying repeated infusions of sodium bicarbonate were used in cause. Individuals admitted after and other offending agents should be dose adjusted or a near-drowning incident in sea water often also present discontinued until the plasma sodium concentration with hypernatremia from ingestion of salt water. Fluid restriction, alone, Excess free water losses relative to sodium result in is usually sufficient to correct the plasma sodium in hypernatremia. Daily water intake not only ide or demeclocycline may be given to promote greater includes water consumed exogenously from dietary water excretion by the kidneys. Identification and correction Daily water output can be divided into insensible of the underlying cause of the cerebral salt wasting and sensible losses. Hypernatremia is defined as a plasma sodium con- −1 Hypernatremic dehydration develops from increased centration greater than 145mmol L. This is similar to hyponatremia in that it can occur in the includes any clinical situation where evaporative water presence of decreased, increased, or normal total body losses from the skin and respiratory tract are increased. Renal causes include excess water losses via unusual among individuals who are cognitively intact, an osmotic diuresis. Finally, individuals with limited capable of becoming thirsty, and are physically able to 14 M. Brain cell shrinkage is associated with a result, hypernatremia is often seen at both ends of rupture of these blood vessels that connect the brain to the age spectrum, namely in infancy or small children the dura mater.

Diseases

• Ter Haar Hamel Hendricks syndrome
• Metacarpals 4 and 5 fusion
• Escherichia coli infection
• Van der Woude syndrome 2
• Coats disease
• Short stature microcephaly seizures deafness
• Pityriasis lichenoides chronica

Buy estradiol 1 mg cheap

All these findings suggested that Aegle marmelos root extract possessed significant antidiarrheal effect in castor oil-induced diarrheal mice model menopause at 80 estradiol 2 mg buy line. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically the antidiarrhoeal effect of Curcuma longa Linn menopause test buy estradiol 1 mg on-line. The rhizome of this plant has long history for treating diarrhea in Myanmar menstrual sea sponge purchase estradiol us, as a traditional medicine. However, there is no scientific report on antidiarrhoeal effect of Curcuma longa Linn. Therefore, this study is to confirm the antidiarrhoeal activity of Curcuma longa Linn. The albino mice were used for in vivo antidiarrhoeal effect and isolated rabbits intestine were used for in vitro activity to explore the possible mechanism of action of Curcuma longa Linn. The antidiarrhoeal effect of the defatted 70% ethanolic extract Curcuma longa was tested by using three methods, (1) castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling and (3) castor oil-induced small intestinal transit. Dose dependent decreased in castor oil-induced diarrhea was found by counting the stool in all 3 tested groups with the dose of 1. Dose dependent increase in onset of defecation in minutes was found in all 3 tested groups, 21. Curcuma longa extract significantly inhibited castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation. Curcuma longa extract also significantly reduced the castor oil-induced intestinal transit. Carbachol and histamine induced contractions of small intestine were abolished by Curcuma longa extract showing that Curcuma longa Linn. The phytochemical analysis of the defatted 70% ethanolic extract and dried rhizome powders of Curcuma longa Linn. The chemicals such as, alkaloids, steroids/triterpenes, tannins and reducing sugars proposed to be the chemicals responsible for antidiarrhoeal effect were present in both ethanolic extract and dried powders. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically the antidiarrhoeal effect of Ficus hispida Linn. Although all parts of this plant are used in Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments, antidiarrhoeal activity of the leaves of Ficus hispida Linn. Therefore, this study is to confirm the antidiarrhoeal activity of Ficus hispida Linn. The albino mice were used for in vivo antidiarrhoeal effect and isolated rabbits intestine were used for in vitro activity to explore the possible mechanism of action of Ficus hispida Linn. General pharmacological screening test of the extract had shown no abnormal changes. Dose dependent decrease in frequency, enteropooling and percent intestinal transit of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in all 3 tested groups (i. Anti-diarrhoeal efficacy of some Burmese Indigenous Drug Formulations in experimental diarrhoeal test models. Since their raw ingredients are available locally and cheaply, both drugs are appropriate for clinical evaluation. Three chemical compounds namely wedelolactone, demethyl wedelolactone and luteolin which had been reported to possess hepatoprotective activity were detected from Kyeik-hman (E. Before screening of blood sugar lowering effect in rabbit model, the morphological and diagnostic characters of Gynura procumbens (Lour. Then phytochemical constituents, physicochemical properties, determination of heavy metals, determination of aflatoxins and pesticide residues, elemental analysis, microbial contamination and acute toxicity of G. Then, the observation was continued to at least two weeks for any toxic and harmful effects due to the dried leaves of G. It was observed that the dried leaves powder was free from harmful effect and the powder had not toxic effect during the observation period of two weeks with permission dose of 6g/kg. In the study of antihyperglycemic activity, the different doses of dried leaves powder (0. All the three doses showed significantly antihyperglycemic activity at 1hour (p<0. The administration of 3g/kg of dried leaves powder similarly lowered sugar level in blood as glibenclamide B.

Estradiol 2 mg with visa

Species from extreme geese (Cereopsis and Egyptian) may be very aggres- latitudes grow faster than those from low latitudes menstruation gas bloating 1 mg estradiol buy otc. In captivity womens health u of a estradiol 1 mg buy online, ducks often live 10 to 12 years pregnancy massage discount estradiol 1 mg, and geese and swans com- Physiology 44 monly live for 25 years or more. Mortality rates in Pulse and respiration rates differ so widely in normal free-ranging birds are high. Smaller duck species sur- Anseriformes that they have limited value as indica- vive two to three or possibly up to six breeding sea- tors of disease. Daytime body Some free-ranging ducks are known to survive 16 44 years and geese, 18 years (Table 46. Limited data are available on The heart rate slows dramatically when a bird dives many species, but there is considerable data on Mal- and there is an increased use of oxygen in the blood. Selected serum constituents and hema- tologic parameters were analyzeda from Mallard Heat loss occurs through panting or through the webs of the feet. Anseriformes will try to prevent heat Ducks of both sexes during several stages of repro- loss through the feet by squatting down on them in duction: pre-egg laying, egg laying, incubating, molt- 44 ing and post-reproductive (see Appendix). These findings indicated that clinical chemis- Ducks) are prone to frostbite and subsequent gan- try values must be evaluated with respect to sex, age grene of the toes. Egg-laying activity significantly influenced serum When confined, waterfowl sometimes stress, so a enzyme activity and chemistry concentrations, caus- quiet, dimly lighted enclosure may be preferable. Hard surfaces (con- while other constituents increased by a statistically crete) may damage the plantar foot surfaces, eventu- significant, although lesser, amount. Chain-link enclosures the assays in samples from the drakes also differed should be protected with burlap or other similar by reproductive condition. Gender or reproductive Waterfowl are commonly kept as pairs in small, state of the adult birds did not significantly change planted, open pens with a small pool or stream, or in (P) the cell ratio. Non-laying and laying birds had a large, open, mixed-species groups with a large pond. Pests and predators (rats, snakes, otters, rac- coons, bobcats, opossums, hawks, owls and eagles) may also complicate waterfowl maintenance in large open exhibits. Burying the fence line will discourage some predators from dig- ging under the fence, and electric fencing will discourage terrestrial predators. Some aviculturists use small aviary mesh to cover pens to reduce access by free-ranging birds, pests and predators. A portion of the pond should be ioned or wing-clipped to prevent es- protected from the sun, which was accomplished in this enclosure using shade cloth. Wing clip- pool has gently sloping sides and can be easily drained for cleaning (1994 Busch Gardens ping is accomplished by cutting the Tampa. The feathers tions may atrophy, affecting the bird’s ability to resist should be trimmed at the level of the rachis, not at infections. Pinioning is the am- Multiple-species aviaries are frequently constructed putation of the distal portion of the wing, perma- with pens arranged in rows and a common stream nently handicapping a bird’s flight abilities. Prefer- Large ponds should have islands to provide nesting ably, each enclosure should have an individual pool areas and privacy for the birds. Some birds will nest draining into a common drainage ditch that does not on small floating platforms. Small ducks can be maintained in small planted pens Planted aviaries provide nesting materials, shade with an elevated cement water container that holds and privacy for sensitive species. Safe plants that are partially bird-proof in- A high water flow rate or filtration is important for clude juniper, palm, pine, bird of paradise, coral tree, maintaining clean water and reducing the incidence cycad and natal plum. Cold water is better for ponds than warm do well on golf course fairway grasses (eg, hybrid water. In warm climates, Korean most Anseriformes, although swans and some diving grass (Zosia or Zoysia) provides a relatively durable, ducks require three to four feet of water. Housing is not usually necessary for Anseriformes if Lining the banks with concrete blocks, stone or other they have access to open water. Water circulation systems should be used to The nasal secretions of some marine and semi-ma- keep ponds from freezing in the winter. If housing rine waterfowl are believed to inhibit the growth of units are necessary, they should contain soft flooring mycotic spores.

Cheap estradiol 2 mg with visa

While health is often viewed as simply the absence of disease women's health clinic ulladulla cheap estradiol 2 mg with mastercard, the World Health Organization defines it as “a state of complete physical women's health clinic macquarie fields generic 2 mg estradiol with visa, mental breast cancer drugs generic estradiol 2 mg on-line, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In this context, responsibility means choosing a healthful alternative over a less healthful one. If you want to be healthy, simply make healthful choices and take the appropriate action to achieve the results you desire. Achieving and maintaining health will usually be quite easy if you focus on strengthening what we refer to as the four cornerstones of good health. If you want that chair or table to remain upright when stress is placed upon it, the four legs must be intact and strong. A Positive Mental Attitude Introduction Optimal health begins with a positive mental attitude. There is a growing body of evidence that the thoughts and emotions you experience on a regular basis determine to a very large extent the level of health you experience as well as the quality of your life. Life is full of events that are beyond our control, but we do have full control over our response to these events. Our attitude goes a long way in determining how we view and respond to all of the challenges of life. You will be much happier, much healthier, and much more successful if you can adopt a positive mental attitude rather than a pessimistic view. Studies using various scales to assess attitude have shown that individuals with a pessimistic attitude have poorer health, are prone to depression, are more frequent users of medical and mental health care, exhibit more decline in memory and brain function with aging, and have a lower survival rate compared with optimists. Techniques to help you learn to be more optimistic are given later in this chapter. Attitude, Personality, Emotions, and Immune Function The importance of attitude to human health has been demonstrated in the links between the brain, emotions, and immune system. Research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology indicates that every part of the immune system is connected to the brain in some way, either via a direct nervous tissue connection or through the complex language of chemical messengers and hormones. What scientists are discovering is that every thought, emotion, and experience sends a message to the immune system that either enhances or impairs its ability to function. A simplistic view is that positive emotions, such as joy, happiness, and optimism, tend to boost immune system function, whereas negative emotions, such as depression, sadness, and pessimism, tend to suppress it. These include a positive mental attitude, an effective strategy for dealing with stress, and a capacity to effectively deal with life’s traumas and challenges. The relationship of explanatory style (optimistic or pessimistic) to incidence of coronary heart disease was examined as part of the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, an ongoing cohort study of older men. Interestingly, a clear dose-response relationship was found between levels of optimism and each outcome. To illustrate how closely the cardiovascular system is linked to attitude, one study showed that measures of optimism and pessimism affected something as simple as ambulatory blood pressure. Excessive anger, worrying, and other negative emotions have also been shown to be associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease; however, these emotions may simply reflect a pessimistic explanatory style. Attitude and Self-Actualization A positive mental attitude is absolutely essential for us to really live life to the fullest. There appears to be an innate drive within each of us to achieve the experience of self-actualization in our lives. Self-actualization is a concept developed by Abraham Maslow, the founding father of humanistic psychology. His theories were the result of intense research on psychologically healthy people over a period of more than 30 years. Maslow was really the first psychologist to study healthy people, as he strongly believed such research would create a firm foundation for the theories and values of a new psychotherapy. Maslow developed a five-step pyramid of human needs in which personality development progresses from one step to the next. The needs at the lower levels must be satisfied before the next level can be achieved. The primary needs that form the base of the pyramid are basic survival or physiological needs— the satisfaction of hunger, thirst, sexual desire, and the need for shelter. The final step is self-actualization—the utilization of one’s creative potential for self-fulfillment. Maslow studied self-actualized people and noted that they had strikingly similar characteristics.

Estradiol 2 mg order with mastercard

An en- cluding chickens womens health professionals albany ga estradiol 2 mg with amex, Passeriformes and Anseriformes) pregnancy 6-8 weeks purchase discount estradiol on-line, larged liver can often be seen through the transpar- trematodes can be found in the oviduct (Prosthogo- ent abdominal wall in Passeriformes with atoxoplas- nimus ovatus) womens health imaging 1 mg estradiol order with mastercard. Protozoa Microsporidian infections have been associated with hepatitis in lovebirds. Trichomonas gallinae-induced hepatic necrosis has been reported in Columbiformes, Falconiformes and Noninfectious Diseases Passeriformes. Metabolic Disorders Histomonas meleagridis is a common cause of hepa- In zoological collections, Psittaciformes show a high titis in captive Galliformes (Color 20. Sulfur-col- prevalance of fatty infiltration of the liver (Color ored feces in turkeys, bloody cecal discharge in chick- 20. Hepatic steatosis, hepatic lipidosis and fatty ens, leucocytosis with heterophilia, a decreased degeneration have all been used to describe the con- albumin/globulin ratio and elevated liver enzymes dition. The dramatic estrogen-in- mosiderin is an iron-containing pigment derived duced increase in liver lipogenesis to supply the de- from hemoglobin. The abnormal storage of iron is veloping ova has been suggested as the etiology of most frequently seen in the liver, but other organs this condition. It has been suggested that exces- parenchyma is sometimes associated with a fatty sive iron in the diet may be the cause of iron storage liver. Reticulolysis is associated with rupture of in- disease but this hypothesis has not been confirmed. Af- fected chickens have greatly elevated serum calcium Hemochromatosis is most frequently described in and cholesterol concentrations. The condition can be Rampastidae (see Chapter 47), Sturnidae (birds of artificially induced with estrogen injections. Rampastidae are gener- Fatty liver and kidney syndrome of young broilers or ally clinically normal prior to death, but occasionally layer pullets is associated with diets with a marginal affected birds are listless 24 hours prior to dying. Extensive fatty infiltration occurs in Cardiac disease has been reported in mynahs due to the heart, liver and kidney without inflammatory or iron storage in the myocardium. In gluconeogenesis which may lead to an acute hypogly- mynahs, generalized weakness, dyspnea and ascites cemia in biotin-deficient, otherwise healthy birds, if are common. Radiography may reveal (cardio)hepa- normal food intake is interrupted for a short time. Radiographs indicated a diffuse soft tissue opacity in the abdomen suggestive of hepatomegaly and ascites. Fluid collected by abdominocentesis was characterized as a transudate (low cellularity, SpGr=1. Circulatory Disorders Portal hypertension can occur as the result of right atrioventricular valvular insufficiency. In the acute stage, the liver is swollen; as the disease progresses, the organ may be fibrotic and have a shrunken ap- pearance. When liver enlargement is caused by con- gestion, a liver biopsy may result in fatal hemor- rhage. The use of an artificial substrate (eg, Gelfoam) at the biopsy site to facilitate clotting may help con- trol bleeding. Anemic infarctions of the liver, especially of the cau- dal margins, can be seen as a result of bacterial endocarditis. Streptococci or staphylococci are often involved, but other bacteria like Erysipelothrix rhu- siopathiae (formerly E. Radiographs indicated a diffuse soft tissue opacity throughout the abdomen (arrows). The reticu- lolysis that is associated with some liver diseases The following substances are hepatotoxic: arsenic, makes the liver more sensitive to traumatic insult. Birds can also and mycotoxins (especially aflatoxin from Aspergil- survive liver hemorrhage confined to one of the he- lus flavus, A. Degeneration and necrosis of cases and the documentation of blood clots in these hepatocytes are typical with aflatoxicosis. Radiographically, liver enlargement is indis- tinguishable from perihepatic hematoma (Color Fatty degeneration and the feeding of feeds contami- 20. A diagnosis is usually made during endoscopy nated with mycotoxins causing aflatoxin hepatosis or exploratory laparotomy. Ultrasonography is a use- are likely to be involved in the high incidence of liver ful diagnostic tool in these cases. Peanuts and Brazil nuts are notori- ous sources of aflatoxins, but many other seed mix- tures can be contaminated.

Red Bilberry (Alpine Cranberry). Estradiol.

• Dosing considerations for Alpine Cranberry.
• Urinary tract problems, gout, arthritis, kidney stones, increasing urine production (diuretic), viral infections, and other conditions.
• How does Alpine Cranberry work?
• Are there safety concerns?
• What is Alpine Cranberry?

Source: http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=96790

Generic estradiol 2 mg otc

Kamm M women's health boca raton buy estradiol 1 mg visa, Burger R menstrual onset 2 mg estradiol buy fast delivery, Rimensberger P et al (2001) Survey of children supported by long-term mechanical ventilation in Switzerland menstruation tired 2 mg estradiol purchase with visa. Fraser J, Mak Q, Tasker R (1997) Survey of occupancy of paediatric intensive care unit by children who are dependent on ventilators. Dhillon J, Frewen T, Singh N, Speechley K (1996) Chronic mechanical dependent children in Canada. Bertrand P, Fehlmann E, Lizama M et al (2006) Home ventilatory assistance in Chilean children: 12 years’ experience. Fauroux B, Sardet A, Foret D (1995) Home treatment for chronic respiratory failure in children: A prospective study. Fauroux B, Boffa C, Desguerre I et al (2003) Long-term noninvasive mechanical ventilation for children at home: A national survey. Appierto L, Cori M, Bianchi R et al (2002) Home care for chronic respiratory fail- ure in children: 15 years experience. Sakakihara Y, Yamanaka T, Kajii M, Kamoshita S (1996) Long-term ventilator- assisted children in Japan: a national survey. Kamm M, Burger R, Rimensberger P et al (2001) Survey of children supported by long-term mechanical ventilation in Switzerland. Prigent H, Samuel C, Louis B et al (2003) Comparative effects of two ventilatory modes on speech in tracheostomized patients with neuromuscular disease. Nørregaard O, Gellett S (1997) Non-invasive home mechanical ventilation in young and very young children. Noizet-Yverneau O, Leclerc F, Santerne B et al (2008) Interfaces for pediatric non- invasive ventilation (excluding neonate) Arch Pediatr 15(10):1549–1559 34. Fauroux B, Leroux K, Desmarais G et al (2008) Performance of ventilators for non- invasive positive-pressure ventilation in children Eur Respir J 31:1300–1307 35. Fauroux B, Leroux K, Desmarais G et al (2008) Performance of ventilators for non- invasive positive-pressure ventilation in children Eur Respir J 31:1300–1307 36. Ottonello G, Bosticco D, Franceschi A et al (2008) Educazione e formazione dei genitori e care giver per il bambino in ventilazione meccanica domiciliare. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 82:137–142 The Nexfn Monitor – A Totally 9 Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Monitor A. Its measurement is of special importance, as so many of our efforts in the care of critically ill and high-risk surgical patients are aimed at increasing its value by various therapeutic means. However, their good tracking accuracy provides a useful tool for assessing events with short time constants, e. The cuff inÀates and deÀates so that the diameter of these arteries is kept constant throughout the cardiac cycle (volume clamp method). The diameter to which the arteries are clamped is determined using the Physiocal method. The pressure needed to keep this diameter constant is directly measured as the real-time pressure waveform. These are the corrected characteristic impedance, or cZ, method [5], and the ModelÀow method [6]. The three-element Windkessel model of the cardiac afterload (Zin) employed by the Nex¿n includes characteristic impedance (Zc), total arterial compliance (Cw) and total peripheral resistance (Rp). However, many clinical studies have validated the previous pulse contour methods, namely the cZ and the ModelÀow methods. These include passive leg raising, Àuid challenge, start of ino- tropes, exercise, etc. It is well recognised that a small group of patients account for the majority of perioperative morbidity and mortality. By targeting speci¿c haemodynamic and oxygen transport goals at any point during the perioperative period, the outcome of these patients can be improved. However, the oesophageal Doppler can be used only after induction of anaesthesia and for a limited period only, whereas other devices necessi- tate the presence of an arterial line. Camporota L, Beale R (2010) Pitfalls in haemodynamic monitoring based on the arterial pressure waveform.

Purchase discount estradiol online

The results are less robust in heterogeneous patient groups and a less defined time of onset breast cancer quiz buy estradiol overnight delivery, like patients with sepsis womens health 75150 buy generic estradiol 1 mg. Instead womens health hagerstown md order estradiol 1 mg on line, it is more likely that a panel of functional and damage biomarkers in combination with traditional markers of renal function and clinical judgement will provide best results. Finally, evidence that the use of novel biomarkers influences decision making and improves patients’ outcomes is still lacking. Potential use of biomarkers in acute kidney injury: report and summary of recommendations from the 10th Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative consensus conference. Biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk stratifica- tion of acute kidney injury: a systematic review. Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipcalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: a multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in the prediction of acute kidney injury in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. Diagnostic and prognostic stratification in the emergency department using urinary biomarkers of nephron damage a multicenter prospective cohort study. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for the prediction of acute kidney injury in acute heart failure. Additive value of blood neutrophil gelatinase- associated lipocalin to clinical judgement in acute kidney injury diagnosis and mortality prediction in patients hospitalized from the emergency department. Evaluation of 32 urine biomarkers to predict the progres- sion of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Urinary biomarkers in the clinical prognosis and early detection of acute kidney injury. Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after adult cardiac surgery. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early marker of acute kidney injury in adult critically ill patients: a prospective study. Cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Serum and urine cystatin C are poor biomarkers for acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. Rapid detection of acute kidney injury by plasma cystatin C in the intensive care unit. Biomarker strategies to predict need for renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin moderately predicts acute kidney injury in critically ill adults. Plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in septic versus non-septic acute kidney injury in critical illness. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in adult septic patients with and without acute kidney injury. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at inception of renal replacement therapy predicts survival in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Serum cystatin concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury. Urinary and serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury: an in-depth review of the literature. Validation of cell-cycle arrest biomarkers for acute kidney injury using clinical adjudication. Plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin in the diagnosis of new onset acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-(D)-glucosaminidase activity and kidney injury molecule-1 level are associated with adverse outcomes in acute renal failure. Urinary biomarkers and renal recovery in critically ill patients with renal support. Test characteristics of urinary biomarkers depend on quantitation method in acute kidney injury. Deceased donor neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and delayed graft function after kidney trans- plantation: a prospective study.

Buy estradiol no prescription

Normally no casts are ria may multiply en route to the laboratory breast cancer 7 cm tumor order estradiol 1 mg fast delivery, which seen in avian urine women's health center santa cruz discount estradiol 2 mg buy. In Bestimmung blutchemischer Pa- of chicken and turkey plasma and se- Assoc Avian Vet womens health laboratory purchase estradiol toronto, 1986, pp 43-51. New York, Elsevier, 1978, pp 77- the determination of various blood- Avian Dis 33:93-96, 1989. Stuttgart, Eugen Ulmer, Tagung über Vogelkrankheiten, Serum verschiedener Vogelspezies. Hochleithner M: Einsatzmöglichkeit tivities in plasma/serum of different roratus). J Assoc Avian Vet 4(4):218- analysis of urine in racing pigeons des Reflotron beim Ziervogel. Gen- (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and their son of anesthetics in domestic pi- eral laboratory techniques and proce- usefulness in pathological diagnosis. Bogin E, Israeli B: Enzyme profile of levulinic acid dehydrotase enzyme ac- Vet, Vienna, 1991, pp 411-419. Bogin E, et al: Serum enzyme profile orimetric determination of phospho- Avian Vet Today 2(1):18-23, 1988. Proc rhythms of plasma corticosterone in ids in the plasma of laying hens fed Assoc Avian Vet, 1985, pp 283-293. Kürner D, Grimm F: Bestimmung von Some experimental findings of impor- determination of total protein in pi- ders Co, 1986. Comparison of different methods of Proc 2nd Eur Symp Avian Med Surg, niques and localisation of transfer- 43. Proc Assoc Avian Vet, 1993, tion of total protein of plasma and se- 1992 pp 265-269. Informa- tion obtained from radiographs will frequently com- 12 plement results from other testing methods, provid- ing for a more thorough evaluation of a disease process. Both risk and benefit to the patient should be consid- ered when radiography is used as a screening proce- dure in an apparently normal companion bird. Radiographic findings should always be correlated with surgical, endoscopic or necropsy findings. These comparisons will refine a clinician’s ability to detect subtle radiographic changes, and improve diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic results. Detail is improved Technical Considerations by using a small focal spot, the shortest possible exposure time (usually 0. The contact between the radiographic cas- tissue and bone) and ability to arrest motion are the sette and the patient should be even, and the area of primary factors that influence radiographic tech- interest should be as close as possible to the film. Although the skeleton is easy to visualize, specific soft tissue structures within the coelomic There is increasing discussion of the use of mammog- cavity may be difficult to differentiate, especially in raphy machines for imaging avian patients. Interpretation of the radiographs may these machines do produce excellent quality images be complicated by the blending of soft tissue struc- with extremely refined detail, the clinician should be tures caused by the compact viscera, rudimentary aware that imaging requires exposure to high levels mesenteric attachments and minimal fat. Radiographic Technique Multiple factors influence the quality of a radio- graphic image. In radiographing the avian patient, The specific technical factors needed to obtain a high the goal is to produce a properly positioned, detailed quality radiograph will vary with the type of radio- study with a long scale of contrast, minimal motion graphic equipment, film-screen combinations and and the least exposure of the patient and technical various settings used for specific purposes. In general, the image quality nique chart for the various species can be devel- is controlled by: oped. In small Passeriformes, such as canar- ies and finches, reducing the focal-film distance by Attention to quality in all aspects of obtaining a one-fourth (to 30 inches) and decreasing the mAs by radiograph will result in consistent, high quality one-half may improve the radiographic image. De- radiographs with reduced repeat rates, increased ef- creasing the focal-film distance can result in loss of ficiency, less patient stress, reduced radiation expo- detail due to magnification; however, with small pa- sure and economic savings. A quality control program tients, a shorter focal-film distance does not seem to that encompasses all the factors contributing to the compromise the radiographic image. Low-absorp- to define an edge, is compromised by motion, uneven tion cassette fronts may provide comparable detailed film-screen contact and a large focal spot. If hospital person- nel must be present during an expo- sure, they should wear a lead apron, lead gloves, thyroid shield, protective glasses and a film badge. No portion of a person’s body should be in the primary beam, even if covered by lead. With practice, restraining methods can be developed so only the patient is exposed to radiation.

Buy estradiol cheap online

Salicylate levels are especially high in some herbs and condiments women's health tips garcinia cambogia cheap estradiol 2 mg free shipping, including curry powder breast cancer 49ers jersey estradiol 1 mg purchase, paprika womens health hartford ct order estradiol us, thyme, dill, oregano, and turmeric. Although intake of these herbs and spices tends to be relatively small, they can make a significant contribution to dietary salicylate intake. Other flavoring agents, such as cinnamon, vanilla, menthol, and other volatile compounds, may produce hives in some individuals. The artificial sweetener aspartame (NutraSweet) has also been shown to induce hives. Although the incidence of adverse reactions to these compounds in the general population is thought to be less than 1%, the frequency of reactions in patients with chronic hives varies from 4 to 44%. This may be one reason adverse reactions to these foods are so common in patients with hives. Like tartrazine, sulfites have been shown to induce asthma, hives, and angioedema in sensitive individuals. They are typically added to processed foods to prevent microbial spoilage and to keep them from browning or changing color. The earliest known use of sulfites was in the treatment of wines with sulfur dioxide by the Romans. Sulfites are used to preserve many foods, especially dried fruit, prepared salads, items at salad bars, wine, and beer. Wine and beer drinkers typically consume up to 10 mg sulfites per day even with moderate drinking (two to three glasses of wine or beer). Normally, the enzyme sulfite oxidase metabolizes sulfites to safer sulfates, which are excreted in the urine. Those with a poorly functioning sulfoxidation system, however, have an increased ratio of sulfite to sulfate in their urine. Although most nutrition textbooks list molybdenum deficiency as uncommon, an Austrian study of 1,750 patients found that 41. Food Emulsifiers and Stabilizers Various compounds are used to emulsify and stabilize many commercial foods to ensure that the solids, oils, and liquids do not separate out. Most of the foods that contain these compounds contain other additives as well, such as preservatives, and dyes. Polysorbate in ice cream has been reported to induce hives, and vegetable gums such as acacia, gum arabic, tragacanth, quince, and carrageenan may also induce hives in susceptible individuals. In adults, immunological tolerance to many microorganisms apparently occurs owing to repeated antigen exposure. The role of bacteria, viruses, and yeast (Candida albicans) in hives is briefly reviewed below. Bacterial Infections Bacterial infections contribute to hives in two major settings: in acute streptococcal tonsillitis in children and in chronic dental infections in adults. In the first setting, acute hives predominate, while in the second, chronic hives predominate. Hives have also been strongly linked to infectious mononucleosis and may develop several weeks before the disease is manifested clinically. Candida The association between Candida albicans and chronic hives has been suggested in several clinical studies. The proportion of patients with chronic hives who react positively to an immediate skin test with candida antigens is 19 to 81%, compared with 10 to 15% of people without hives. Approximately 70% of patients who have a positive skin reaction to Candida albicans also react to oral provocation tests using foods prepared with baker’s or brewer’s yeast. Treatment with the drug nystatin has shown that elimination of the candida organism can achieve a cure in a number of sensitive individuals. However, in one study more patients (18 of 49) responded to nystatin plus a yeast-free diet than to nystatin alone (9 of 49). The yeast-free diet excluded breads, sausages, wine, beer, cider, grapes, raisins, vinegar, tomato, ketchup, pickles, and prepared foods containing yeast.

Tragak, 44 years: One of the primary problems with transplanting neurons into the lab animal and human brain has been the issue of poor graft survival. Sex and Weight Alcohol is highly hydrophilic, so once it enters the systemic circulation, it is distributed evenly throughout total body water (Vd, or the volume of dis- tribution). It is mins (including B12, pyridoxine, niacin and folic acid), likely that a similar ratio would be appropriate for iron, cobalt and copper. One of my patients was a salesman who was "scared to death" when calling upon "big shots.

Ashton, 25 years: Here, principal cells secrete K+ and Chapter 3 Dyskalemias 37 absorb sodium ions (Na+) [55, 70]. The eyeball is in the midportion of the kidney just anterior to the removed by sharp and blunt dissection of orbital soft ischiatic artery (Figure 14. Contaminated bedding should be handled appropriately, and the cell cleaned professionally after use. Maternal preex- isting hypertension and kidney disease are considered risk factors for incident chronic kidney disease and progression to long-term renal replacement therapy [30 ].

Vasco, 52 years: Chicks that have protective levels of death does not explain the principal histologic lesion. The presence or absence of vasopressin in the Although referral for dysnatremia is prompted by serum collecting tubule will determine if water reabsorption sodium values, a change in sodium implies a change in leads to concentrated or dilute urine. Contributors to Osteoarthritis Age-related changes in collagen-matrix repair mechanisms Altered biochemistry Fractures and mechanical damage Genetic predisposition Hormonal and sex factors Hypermobility/joint instability Inflammation Inflammatory joint disease Other factors One of the most interesting clinical features of osteoarthritis is the lack of correlation between its severity as determined by X-rays and the degree of pain. Shepherd : The Synaptic Organization of the Levinson: Review of Medical Microbiology and Brain.

Akrabor, 65 years: Prowle alterations requires an understanding of the steady state and dynamic kinetics of creatinine generation and excretion. Symptom relief can also be attained through the use of nutritional supplements, botanical medicines, and physical medicine techniques. Many factors may affect the length of time that a lubricant will persist on skin or in a body orifice. After healing is complete, the foot flushing of the wound, gauze pack and bandaging are may still be tender for several weeks.

Avogadro, 40 years: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a longitudinal study comparing severity associated with human papilloma viral types 6 and 11 and other risk factors in a large pediatric population. And no local engineer, however technically qualified, can be of much use if the vital information referred to above is unavailable to him. It is possible to define the measuring points so that the homogeneity of each coating can be controlled. Once the food has been chewed, it is transported through the esophagus into the stomach.

Ugo, 22 years: München, lagen und praktische Durchführung, ztliche Hochschule, vet med Diss, Jahrbuch, Abteilung für allgemeine Universität, vet med Diss, 1987, pp 1- Teil 1,2. With aging, the ability to restore and synthesize normal cartilage structures decreases. A systematic review of the effectiveness of garlic as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent. Repeated crop impactions ber of food items at an early age are less likely to may result in an atonic, pendulous crop.

Owen, 54 years: However, a distinction between these terms is justified because people may exhibit behavioral changes associated with drunkenness when they believe they have consumed alcohol but actually have not (164). Basal cell tumors are composed of sheets, hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium over a fi- nests or cords of basaloid epithelial cells. Another limiting factor, however, is the unpredictable site of insertion into the host genome resulting in, at least, a poten- tial risk of insertional mutagenesis. Avian Pathol 16:623-633, myelosis in conures, the “hemor- Charakterisierung von aviären Vet Pract 15:55-60, 1985.

Aila, 48 years: The fundamental responsibility of the nurse is fourfold: to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health, and to alleviate suffering. Passeriformes, not to mention of a specific individual Additionally, the most studied living species from a species, will ever be fully known. For currently selected genes used for gene therapy, the level of expression of the gene product does not need to be tightly regulated for clinical effectiveness. In addition to being eaten as a vegetable in Asia, unripe bitter melon (Momordica charantia) has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes.

Umul, 26 years: Carnitine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. However, certain ethnic groups, such as some blacks, Asians, and Filipinos, are at risk of developing a potentially lethal disseminated form of the dis- ease that can involve the central nervous system. Hypovitaminosis A has been associated with hyper- keratosis, abscessation of the palatine salivary Mycoplasma spp. When gametes are found, it Interpretation of Thrombocyte Changes should be considered as an artifact of blood film preparation because these structures normally leave Avian thrombocytes play a primary role in hemosta- the host red cell following ingestion by the interme- sis in a manner similar to mammalian platelets.

Farmon, 32 years: In this study, four factors were found in a cox proportional hazards regression analysis that predicted the time for success- ful weaning (off ventilator for >48 h at 14 days): age (p < 0. Chapter 5, Te healing power of chemistry; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 10 screens]. The rash may be petechial or purpuric and characteristically does not blanche under pressure. The lack of sphin- gomyelinase in type A is the metabolic defect that prevents the hydrolytic cleavage of sphingomyelin, which then accumulates in the brain.

Nemrok, 39 years: In looking at possible causes beyond diet and lifestyle, researchers have focused on both psychological factors and physiological factors. Birds with severe lesions Mulga Parrot Bourke’s Parrot may die, even if the agent is completely inactivated. It appears as though the virus is capable of replication, but it does not appear to have any obvious cytopathic effects as in T lymphocytes. Dissertation or thesis in a microform Type of Medium for a Dissertation or Thesis (required) General Rules for Type of Medium • Indicate the specifc type of medium (microfche, ultrafche, microflm, microcard, etc.

Gonzales, 23 years: The preliminary phytochemical examination of the powdered leaves and bark of Mangifera indica L. What will it take to stop physicians from prescribing antibiotics in acute bronchitis? Montali, Michael Mur- perspective to this work); additionally, John Olsen, ray, L. They are typically added to processed foods to prevent microbial spoilage and to keep them from browning or changing color.

Sven, 45 years: The bird on the right has a small, sac and distal portion of the small intes- tucked abdomen secondary to starvation. In smaller athletic birds, both wings may require clipping to reduce flight capacity. Defer final diagnosis until all cytologic material has been stained and evaluated. They are classified into four different cat- 128 Pathology egories based on the immune mechanisms involved.

Nefarius, 21 years: Extracts of other selected plants produced no hypoglycaemic effects on the glucose loaded hyperglycaemia rabbit model. The collected plants were studied, classified and identified by the literature references to confirm its identity. Xu T, Tang W, Ristagno G et al (2008) Postresuscitation myocardial diastolic dys- function following prolonged ventricular ¿brillation and cardiopulmonary resus- citation. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, of which more than 50 have been identified as carcinogens.

Diego, 38 years: Chronic effects of phen- cyclidine abuse include memory impairment, personality changes, and depres- sion; however, there is probably no physical dependence. If you abbreviate a word in one reference, abbreviate the same word in all references. Six bird was housed in a room where varnish other geese in the group appeared normal. Infrequently, ored necrotic foci are seen in the liver, spleen, bone yellowish nodules the size of millet seeds may de- marrow and lymph follicles of the intestine.

Fraser, 61 years: While almost all infants are able to digest milk and other dairy products, many children lose their lactase enzyme by three to seven years of age. Lactobacilli produce this effect through at least three mechanisms: (1) they help to produce lactic acid and other acids to provide a normal vaginal acidic environment of 3. Overconsumption or too frequent consumption of foods from the same family can lead to allergies. Other morphologic patterns of inflammation include serous inflammation, fibrinous inflammation, and pseudomembranous inflammation.

Ronar, 49 years: When speaking of the effects on the community, we must consider alterations to the social organisation due to damage to communications, telephone systems, public facilities and aid facilities. The numbers of circulating heterophils than lymphocytes presence of many reactive lymphocytes is also sug- often show a less dramatic change in the leukogram gestive of antigenic stimulation. Serum uric acid levels are of low utility in the diagnosis of gout, as levels may be normal in many patients. The clinical signs were exaggerated by mild the circulatory system will not have time to compen- exercise.

Quadir, 43 years: Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. In the ¿rst epidemic, invasive ventilation by tracheal intubation was the sole ventilatory support strategy available (invasive ventilation period). Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most important [Internet]. Glucocorticoids exert a negative feedback influence The only obvious abnormality was an enlarged left at the hypothalamo-hypophyseal level and suppress adrenal gland measuring 15 mm in diameter.

Bernado, 51 years: The classic clinical presentation of Graves’ disease is a young adult female complaining of nervousness, irritability, sweating, palpitations, insomnia, tremor, frequent bowel movements, and unexplained weight loss. The radiologist wants to know what you’re looking for so they can protocol the study appropriately. Prudence and duty and self-regard, emotions of ambition and emotions of anxiety, have, of course, a needful part to play in our lives. Control of nosocomial infections (visit) Prioritizing using public health database 4th week: 8th week: Lecture: 10.

References

• Hsieh MJ, Liu HP, Chang JP, et al. Thoracic actinomycosis. Chest 1993; 104: 366-370.
• Colquhoun IW, Gascoigne AD, Gould K, et al. Native pulmonary sepsis after single-lung transplantation. Transplantation. 1991;52: 931-933.
• Schuchlenz HW, Weihs W, Horner S, et al. The association between the diameter of a patent foramen ovale and the risk of embolic cerebrovascular events. Am J Med 2000;109:456-62.
• Jaffer H, Morris VB, Stewart D, et al. Advances in stroke therapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2011;1:409-19.
• Yun TK, Choi SY. Non-organ specific cancer prevention of ginseng: a prospective study in Korea. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27:359-364.
• Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Lust JA, et al. Prospective randomized trial of melphalan and prednisolone versus vincristine, carmustine, melphalan, cyclophosphamude and prednisone in the treatment of primary systemic amyloidosis. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:262-7.
• Schover LR, Brey K, Lichtin A, et al. Oncologists' attitudes and practices regarding banking sperm before cancer treatment. J Clin Oncol 2002;20(7):1890-1897.
• Lojanapiwat B: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in kidneys with fusion and rotation anomalies, J Med Assoc Thai 88:1426-1429, 2005.